StudyMate
Alternative Text for Accessibility
Number 1. the study of the structure of the human body
Correct Answer: anatomy
Number 2. the study of the function of the human body
Correct Answer: physiology
Number 3. metabolism that focuses on building up of complex molecules from smaller ones
Correct Answer: anabolism
Number 4. process by which undifferentiated cells (stem cells) develop into specialized cells to perform specific functions
Correct Answer: differentiation
Number 5. A characteristic of life demonstrated through motion that occurs with the entire body or individual organs, single cells, and structures within cells
Correct Answer: movement
Number 6. the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual
Correct Answer: reproduction
Number 7. The ability to detect and respond to changes occurring outside and inside the body
Correct Answer: responsiveness
Number 8. Binds the cells and organs of the body together and functions in the protection, support, and integration of all parts of the body
Correct Answer: connective tissue
Number 9. type of protein fiber of connective tissue and is found in the structure of skin
Correct Answer: collagen
Number 10. stem cells found in connective tissue that help repair damaged tissue
Correct Answer: Mesenchymal cells
Number 11. Contracts to provide movement
Correct Answer: muscular tissue
Number 12. Movement of air and exchange of gases
Correct Answer: respiratory system
Number 13. The total of all chemical reactions occurring in the body
Correct Answer: metabolism
Number 14. functions in mechanical and chemical breakdown of nutrients, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of wastes
Correct Answer: digestive system
Number 15. functions in to circulate blood in the body delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells, and carrying wastes away
Correct Answer: cardiovascular system
Number 16. Provides chemical communications within the body by secreting hormones
Correct Answer: endocrine system
Number 17. functions to protect and thermoregulate
Correct Answer: integumentary system
Number 18. functions to give body structure, protects organs, helps with movement, and produces blood cells
Correct Answer: skeletal system
Number 19. functions to filters the blood of toxins, and controls water balance
Correct Answer: urinary system
Number 20. functions to filter clear fluid called lymph, and defends the body against pathogens
Correct Answer: immune system (lymphatic)
Number 21. The maintenance of a stable internal environment as a response to fluctuations in an external environment
Correct Answer: homeostasis
Number 22. dealing with the study of structures only viewable with a microscope (cellular level)
Correct Answer: microscopic anatomy
Number 23. (also referred to as gross anatomy) dealing with the study of larger structures viewable without the aid of magnification
Correct Answer: macroscopic anatomy
Number 24. functional characteristics that the body must perform to maintain life
Correct Answer: living processes &nbs
Number 25. breakdown of large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones
Correct Answer: catabolism
Number 26. building up of complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones
Correct Answer: anabolism
Number 27. the smaller molecules
Correct Answer: amino acids
Number 28. the increase in body size due to an increase in a. the size of existing cells, the number of cells, or the amount of material surrounding cells
Correct Answer: growth
Number 29. the basic, independently functional, unit of life composed of molecules and organelles
Correct Answer: cell
Number 30. functional units within a cell
Correct Answer: organelles
Number 31. membrane surrounding cells that allows certain molecules to pass through
Correct Answer: semipermeable membrane
Number 32. composed of 2 or more types of cells working together to perform a specific function
Correct Answer: tissues
Number 33. Sheets of cells that protect and cover exterior surfaces of the body, lines internal cavities and passageways, and forms certain glands
Correct Answer: epithelial tissue &nb
Number 34. Transmits electrical signals in the form of nerve impulses that communicate between different regions of the body
Correct Answer: nervous tissue
Number 35. structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types working together to perform a function
Correct Answer: organ
Number 36. Enables the body to move and produces heat
Correct Answer: muscular system
Number 37. Receives information (sensory), processes it, and sends out instructions
Correct Answer: nervous system
Number 38. the living being that has a cellular structure and can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life
Correct Answer: organism
Number 39. core body temperature of 98.6˚F (average), blood glucose level of 100mg/100ml of blood (average), and blood pressure of 120/70 mm/Hg (average)
Correct Answer: homeostatic mechanisms
Number 40. loops, are inhibitory in nature, meaning they oppose the change from the “set point” causing the opposite effect
Correct Answer: negative feedback mechanism
Number 41. a negative feedback mechanism ( sensor) provides information about internal conditions
Correct Answer: receptor
Number 42. a negative feedback mechanism (set point or integrator) tells what a particular value should be
Correct Answer: control center
Number 43. a negative feedback mechanism that causes responses that alter conditions in the internal environment
Correct Answer: effector
Number 44. homeostasis of body temperature control
Correct Answer: thermoregulation
Number 45. The axial portion of the human body includes the head, neck, and trunk.
Correct Answer: axial
Number 46. The appendicular portion of the body includes the upper and lower limbs.
Correct Answer: appendicular
Number 47. protects organs of the nervous system and has two subdivisions: cranial cavity and spinal cavity
Correct Answer: dorsal cavity
Number 48. encloses the brain
Correct Answer: cranial cavity
Number 49. (also termed vertebral cavity) encloses the vertebral column and the spinal cord
Correct Answer: spinal cavity
Number 50. contains subdivisions of the upper and lower trunk: thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity
Correct Answer: ventral cavity
Number 51. surrounded by the ribs and chest muscles: mediastinum and pleural cavities
Correct Answer: thoracic cavity
Number 52. contains the pericardial cavity
Correct Answer: mediastinum
Number 53. contains the heart, trachea, and esophagus
Correct Answer: pericardial cavity
Number 54. contains the lungs
Correct Answer: pleural cavities
Number 55. from the diaphragm to the lower floor of the pelvis: abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
Correct Answer: abdominopelvic cavity
Number 56. includes the liver, stomach, spleen, kidneys, and intestines
Correct Answer: abdominal cavity
Number 57. includes the bladder and reproductive organs
Correct Answer: pelvic cavity
Number 58. (also termed serous membrane) a double-layered membrane made up of two parts: parietal serosa and visceral serosa
Correct Answer: serosa
Number 59. lines the cavity walls
Correct Answer: parietal serosa
Number 60. covers organs in the cavity
Correct Answer: visceral serosa
Number 61. a thin layer of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing organs to move within the cavity without causing friction
Correct Answer: serous fluid
Number 62. lines the pericardial cavity
Correct Answer: parietal pericardium
Number 63. the reference for anatomical nomenclature, or terms
Correct Answer: anatomical position
Number 64. an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body
Correct Answer: plane
Number 65. divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides
Correct Answer: sagittal plane
Number 66. or median plane, divides the body into equal right and left sides
Correct Answer: midsagittal
Number 67. (or longitudinal section) divides into unequal sides
Correct Answer: parasagittal plane
Number 68. (or coronal plane) divides the body or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion
Correct Answer: frontal plane
Number 69. (or horizontal) divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions
Correct Answer: transverse plane
Number 70. (or ventral) the front or direction toward the front of the body
Correct Answer: anterior
Number 71. (or dorsal) the back or direction toward the back of the body
Correct Answer: posterior
Number 72. (or cranial) a position above or higher than another part of the body proper
Correct Answer: superior
Number 73. (or caudal) a position below or lower than another part of the body proper
Correct Answer: inferior
Number 74. direction toward the side of the body
Correct Answer: lateral
Number 75. the middle or direction toward the middle of the body
Correct Answer: medial
Number 76. a position nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Correct Answer: proximal
Number 77. a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
Correct Answer: distal
Number 78. a position closer to the surface of the body
Correct Answer: superficial
Number 79. a position farther from the surface of the body
Correct Answer: deep
Number 80. body is face-down
Correct Answer: prone
Number 81. body is face-up
Correct Answer: supine
Number 82. region of the arm in front of the elbow
Correct Answer: Antecubital
Number 83. armpit area
Correct Answer: Axillary
Number 84. over the brachial artery in the upper arm
Correct Answer: Brachial
Number 85. of or relating to the cheeks or the mouth
Correct Answer: Buccal
Number 86. wrist
Correct Answer: Carpal
Number 87. neck region
Correct Answer: Cervical
Number 88. hip
Correct Answer: Coxal
Number 89. elbow
Correct Answer: Cubital
Number 90. fingers
Correct Answer: Digital
Number 91. back
Correct Answer: Dorsal
Number 92. relating to the femur or thigh
Correct Answer: Femoral
Number 93. buttocks region
Correct Answer: Gluteal
Number 94. the groin or area in lower lateral regions of the abdomen
Correct Answer: Inguinal
Number 95. area over the lumbar spine
Correct Answer: Lumbar
Number 96. breast
Correct Answer: Mammary
Number 97. nose
Correct Answer: Nasal
Number 98. back of head region
Correct Answer: Occipital
Number 99. mouth
Correct Answer: Oral
Number 100. eye region
Correct Answer: Orbital
Number 101. ear
Correct Answer: Otic
Number 102. palm of the hand area
Correct Answer: Palmar
Number 103. front of knee
Correct Answer: Patellar
Number 104. chest area
Correct Answer: Pectoral
Number 105. foot area
Correct Answer: Pedal
Number 106. sole of foot
Correct Answer: Plantar
Number 107. region on the back of the knee
Correct Answer: Popliteal
Number 108. between hips in posterior
Correct Answer: Sacral
Number 109. of or relating to the area near the shoulder blade (scapula)
Correct Answer: Scapular
Number 110. chest
Correct Answer: Thorax
Number 111. torso or thorax and abdomen
Correct Answer: Trunk
Number 112. relating to the central area of the abdomen/navel
Correct Answer: Umbilical
Number 113. spinal column
Correct Answer: Vertebral
Number 114. the building of new organs using cells from an individual that are then constructed on a human-made platform called a scaffold
Correct Answer: tissue engineering
Number 115. the study of tissues
Correct Answer: Histology
Number 116. receive information
Correct Answer: dendrites
Number 117. contains the nucleus
Correct Answer: cell body
Number 118. part of the neuron where information in the form of electricity travels and is sent to another cell/axon is insulated by the myelin sheath
Correct Answer: axon
Number 119. the cell of nervous tissue
Correct Answer: neuron
Number 120. hair-like structures found in the epithelial tissue that have mobility to sweep substances across the surface
Correct Answer: cilia
Number 121. surface that opens to the body cavity and where secretion, absorption, and excretion takes place. Cilia are found on this surface in some epithelium
Correct Answer: free surface
Number 122. surface that binds epithelium to underlying tissue
Correct Answer: basement membrane
Number 123. fluid portion of a cell where organelles are found
Correct Answer: cytoplasm
Number 124. control center of a cell containing DNA
Correct Answer: nucleus &
Number 125. insulates the axon
Correct Answer: myelin sheath
Number 126. the inner layer of the skin that is made of dense, irregular connective tissue and located directly beneath the epidermis
Correct Answer: dermis
Number 127. composed of the skin and its accessory structures
Correct Answer: integumentary system
Number 128. cells playing a role in immunity functioning as antigen-presenting cells
Correct Answer: Langerhans cells
Number 129. softening and weakening of the bones due to a vitamin D deficiency
Correct Answer: rickets
Number 130. the largest organ of the body with a surface area of 1-2 square meters and comprising about 15% of total body weight
Correct Answer: skin
Number 131. the outside layer of skin that is made of closely packed epithelial cells and is divided into 4-5 sublayers
Correct Answer: epidermis
Number 132. a fatty layer of skin, also known as the subcutaneous layer, that insulates the body and connects the skin to the underlying surface
Correct Answer: hypodermis
Number 133. most cell types of the skin that produce the protein keratin
Correct Answer: keratinocytes
Number 134. the pigment responsible for skin color
Correct Answer: melanin
Number 135. melanin-producing cells located in the bottom layer of the skin's epidermis
Correct Answer: melanocytes
Number 136. a skin condition originating from factors involving the accessory structures of the skin, such as oil, dead skin, clogged pores, and bacteria
Correct Answer: acne
Number 137. protein of the connective tissue providing strength and cushion
Correct Answer: collagen fibers
Number 138. a cell in connective tissue that produces collagen and other fibers
Correct Answer: fibroblasts
Number 139. a protein that provides strength, flexibility, and toughness to the skin
Correct Answer: keratin
Number 140. cells of the epidermis involved in the function of touch sensations
Correct Answer: Merkel cells
Number 141. supplies nutrients to cells in the epidermis
Correct Answer: papillary layer
Number 142. the thickest layer of the dermis made of collagen fibers produced by cells called fibroblasts
Correct Answer: reticular layer
Number 143. deepest layer in the epidermis where cell division occurs producing new cells that migrate up to the surface and are sloughed off
Correct Answer: stratum basale
Number 144. superficial layer of the epidermis containing keratin-packed dead cells and the cells that produce keratin
Correct Answer: stratum corneum
Number 145. keratinocytes lose their nuclei as they migrate up to this layer in the epidermis
Correct Answer: stratum granulosum
Number 146. this layer of the epidermis is only present in thick skin
Correct Answer: stratum lucidum
Number 147. contains Langerhans cells and keratinocytes in the epidermis
Correct Answer: stratum spinosum
Number 148. cells divide rapidly at the root of the hair, pushing the hair shaft up and out
Correct Answer: anagen phase
Number 149. attached to the hair follicle
Correct Answer: arrector pili muscle
Number 150. marks a transition from the hair follicle's active growth
Correct Answer: catagen phase
Number 151. the second layer making up most of the hair shaft
Correct Answer: cortex
Number 152. the outermost layer made of shingle-like scales protecting the hair shaft
Correct Answer: cuticle
Number 153. dead, keratinized cells
Correct Answer: hair
Number 154. the hair root ends here, a rounded area where the hair matrix is located
Correct Answer: hair bulb
Number 155. tunnel-like segment where strands or hair originate
Correct Answer: hair follicle
Number 156. located in the hair bulb; cells divide to produce new hair
Correct Answer: hair matrix
Number 157. contains the blood vessels to nourish the cells and nerve endings from the dermis; surrounded by the hair bulb
Correct Answer: hair papilla
Number 158. hair that is anchored by the follicle and lies below the surface of the skin
Correct Answer: hair root
Number 159. part of the hair that is not anchored to the follicle
Correct Answer: hair shaft
Number 160. the innermost layer of hair
Correct Answer: medulla
Number 161. secretes oil
Correct Answer: sebaceous glands
Number 162. the hair follicle is at rest and no new growth occurs
Correct Answer: telogen phase
Number 163. oil glands that release sebum, which is a mixture of lipids
Correct Answer: sebaceous glands
Number 164. located in the armpits and genital regions; secrete water, salt, and organic compounds
Correct Answer: apocrine sweat glands
Number 165. also known as the eponychium, helps anchor the nail body
Correct Answer: cuticle
Number 166. produces a hypotonic sweat composed of water, salt, antibodies, metabolic waste, and antimicrobial
Correct Answer: eccrine sweat glands
Number 167. the half-moon shaped white area on a nail caused by a thick layer of epithelium over the nail matrix
Correct Answer: lunula
Number 168. the region of the nails where division and nail growth occurs
Correct Answer: matrix
Number 169. the secretions are excreted by exocytosis through a duct without affecting the cells of the gland
Correct Answer: merocrine glands
Number 170. specialized structure of the epidermis that is found at the tips of fingers and toes
Correct Answer: nail bed
Number 171. also known as nail plate, formed on the nail bed and protects the tips of our fingers and toes
Correct Answer: nail body
Number 172. overlaps the nail on the sides helping to anchor the nail body
Correct Answer: nail fold
Number 173. also known as the nail body, rests on the nail bed
Correct Answer: nail plate
Number 174. proximal portion of the nail that is underneath the skin
Correct Answer: nail root
Number 175. release sweat as well as wastes and heat; develop from epidermal projections into the dermis
Correct Answer: sweat glands
Number 176. black/brown pigment color
Correct Answer: eumelanin
Number 177. melanocytes are spherical organelles called melanosomes; melanin-producing factories that carry the melanin to keratinocytes in the epidermis
Correct Answer: melanosomes
Number 178. provides a red/yellow color
Correct Answer: pheomelanin
Number 179. a protein pigment giving color to skin and hair
Correct Answer: melanin
Number 180. occurs when sebaceous glands are clogged, leading to infection and inflammation of the skin
Correct Answer: acne
Number 181. a viral infection caused by a strain of the herpes virus
Correct Answer: cold sore
Number 182. an allergic reaction that manifests as dry, itchy patches of skin that resembles rashes
Correct Answer: eczema
Number 183. a bacterial infection caused by the streptococcus bacteria
Correct Answer: impetigo
Number 184. caused from an immunity issue resulting in patchy skin lesions
Correct Answer: psoriasis
Number 185. a fungal infection caused by a yeast strain
Correct Answer: ringworm
Number 186. a viral infection of the epidermis
Correct Answer: warts
Number 187. burns in the epidermis layer; it's red without blisters, takes 5-10 days to heal without scarring
Correct Answer: 1st degree burn
Number 188. extends into the dermis layers; it's red with blisters, takes 2-8 weeks with possible scarring
Correct Answer: 2nd degree burn
Number 189. extends into the hypodermis layer; it's stiff and white; it takes months to heal with scarring
Correct Answer: 3rd degree burn
Number 190. scars that are raised and extend beyond the area of the injury
Correct Answer: keloid scars
Number 191. a form of cancer that is an uncontrolled growth arising from the basal cells of the epidermis
Correct Answer: basal cell carcinoma
Number 192. a cancerous uncontrolled growth of melanocytes typically developing from a mole
Correct Answer: melanoma
Number 193. uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells
Correct Answer: skin cancer
Number 194. an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells arising in the squamous cells
Correct Answer: squamous cell carcinoma
Number 195. functions to defend and protect the body by 1. scavenge dead, dying body cells; 2. destroy abnormalities (cancerous); and 3. protect from pathogens and foreign molecules: parasites, bacteria, viruses.
Correct Answer: immune system
Number 196. the individuals in your body’s military that are defending and protecting, also called white blood cells; they are produced in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells
Correct Answer: leukocytes
Number 197. disease-causing organisms such as certain types of bacteria, protists, and viruses
Correct Answer: pathogens
Number 198. starts with a distinctive rash that progresses to pus-filled blisters and can result in disfiguration, blindness, and death
Correct Answer: smallpox
Number 199. viral skin infection caused by the cowpox virus
Correct Answer: cow pox
Number 200. any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing a killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production
Correct Answer: vaccine
Number 201. a foreign substance that triggers a reaction from the immune system often found on the surfaces of bacteria and viruses
Correct Answer: antigen
Number 202. part of the immune system with its network of vessels, cells, and organs that carry and filter the excess fluids in tissues (or lymph) back to the bloodstream. This process filters pathogens from the blood.
Correct Answer: lymphatic system
Number 203. the excess fluid built up in tissues; the name of the interstitial fluid once it has entered the lymphatic system; the leaking of plasma from the blood into the interstitial spaces as it circulates
Correct Answer: lymph
Number 204. vessels
Correct Answer: lymph
Number 205. lymph, not blood, through the body; capillaries where lymph travels
Correct Answer: carry
Number 206. defends against pathogens and toxins to protect the human body
Correct Answer: immune/lymphatic system
Number 207. a type of blood cell involved with an immune response also called leukocytes
Correct Answer: white blood cells
Number 208. cells that capture and present antigens as part of the immune response
Correct Answer: dendritic cells
Number 209. lymph once it has entered the lymphatic system; plasma that becomes extra fluid ending up in the spaces between cells (tissue fluid)
Correct Answer: interstitial fluid
Number 210. white blood cells that ingest by “eating,” and kill invading organisms; also ingest dead cells and debris caused by tissue injury; develop from a myeloid stem cell
Correct Answer: phagocytes
Number 211. cells that help the body remember previous attacking organisms, and then recognize and destroy them quickly when they invade the body again; develop from a lymphoid stem cell
Correct Answer: lymphocytes
Number 212. type of stem cells that all blood cells, including white blood cells, originate
Correct Answer: hematopoietic stem cells
Number 213. small, bean-shaped organ located throughout the lymphatic system that filters lymph as it travels through the lymph vessels, and contains white blood cells to fight invaders
Correct Answer: lymph nodes
Number 214. structure behind the sternum that matures T cell lymphocytes after they travel from the bone marrow
Correct Answer: thymus gland
Number 215. site of blood cell formation
Correct Answer: bone marrow
Number 216. organ that contains macrophages and lymphocytes to digest bacteria and cellular debris
Correct Answer: spleen
Number 217. small masses of lymphoid tissue found at the back of the pharynx
Correct Answer: tonsils
Number 218. when the lymphatic system is not adequately returning interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream
Correct Answer: lymphedema
Number 219. the site that lymph is carried back into the blood vessels
Correct Answer: subclavian veins
Number 220. type of stem cell a basophil, eosinophil, and neutrophil originate
Correct Answer: myeloid
Number 221. type of lymphocyte maturing in the thymus gland; seek their target and send defense to destroy them
Correct Answer: T cells
Number 222. type of T cell that destroys invaders targeting virus-infected cells and tumor cells
Correct Answer: Killer T Cells
Number 223. type of lymphocyte that releases antibodies and assist in T cell activation; develop and mature in the bone marrow
Correct Answer: B Cells
Number 224. phagocytosis of any dead body cell and bacteria; digests large foreign particles in a wound
Correct Answer: monocyte
Number 225. first cells to reach an area where a breach in the body has been made as in a cut; yellow engulfing bacteria
Correct Answer: neutrophils
Number 226. term for an excessive number of white blood cells
Correct Answer: leukocytosis
Number 227. type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests by phagocytosis cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the types of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its surface
Correct Answer: macrophages
Number 228. white blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm that secrete chemicals
Correct Answer: granulocytes
Number 229. white blood cells without granules
Correct Answer: agranulocytes
Number 230. contain granules that can secrete chemicals such as histamine
Correct Answer: basophils
Number 231. a process in the body's immune system by which dendritic cells capture pathogenic antigens, and then present them to the immune system for activation
Correct Answer: antigen-presentation
Number 232. work by releasing toxins from their granules to kill pathogens. Attach to and help immobilize invaders.
Correct Answer: eosinophils
Number 233. have the ability to secrete anticoagulants (keep blood from clotting), and antibodies that have function against hypersensitivity reactions in the bloodstream. Help to bring more immune cells to infection site by releasing histamine, which dilates the vessels.
Correct Answer: basophils
Number 234. keeps blood from clotting
Correct Answer: anticoagulants
Number 235. important mediator of allergic reactions promoting blood flow
Correct Answer: histamine
Number 236. an anti-blood clotting chemical
Correct Answer: heparin
Number 237. allowing more blood flow to the area
Correct Answer: vasodilation
Number 238. are proteins produced by lymphocytes of the immune system that attach to foreign antigens in order to deactivate them and tag them for destruction
Correct Answer: antibodies
Number 239. they activate B cells and killer T cells
Correct Answer: Helper T Cells
Number 240. produce antibodies that so that they can seek out intruders and deactivate them for other cells to destroy
Correct Answer: plasma cells
Number 241. can "remember" specific intruders so that the next time an intruder tries to invade the body, it is wiped out before causing symptoms
Correct Answer: B memory cells
Number 242. high count of lymphocytes that occurs with a viral infection of the body
Correct Answer: lymphocytic leukocytosis
Number 243. insufficient numbers of white blood cells
Correct Answer: leukopenia
Number 244. cancer of the bone marrow with high count of immature WBCs
Correct Answer: leukemia
Number 245. excessive numbers of white blood cells
Correct Answer: leukocytosis
Number 246. insufficient number of lymphocytes that can be caused by HIV or influenza
Correct Answer: lymphocytopenia
Number 247. also known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory infection caused by different influenza viruses
Correct Answer: influenza
Number 248. Nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemical barriers, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body.
Correct Answer: innate immune system
Number 249. Specific immune defense composed of lymphocytes producing antibodies and memory cells for eliminating pathogens or preventing their growth. This is also known as acquired and specific immune system.
Correct Answer: adaptive immune system
Number 250. Occurs when an antigen comes in contact to the immune system for the first time.
Correct Answer: primary response
Number 251. Occurs the second time (3rd, 4th, etc.) a person comes into contact to the same antigen; produces antibodies much faster because the memory cells, having been established during the primary response, are present and able to immediately start releasing those pathogen-specific antibodies for defense.
Correct Answer: secondary response
Number 252. carried out by T cells when the pathogen is inside the body cells
Correct Answer: cell-mediated immune response
Number 253. is controlled by activated B cells and antibodies; antibodies circulating in the blood as a mode of action for destroying pathogens
Correct Answer: humoral immune response
Number 254. outside cell
Correct Answer: extracellular
Number 255. inside cell
Correct Answer: intracellular
Number 256. acquired through an immune response (development of antibodies) when the body is exposed to the pathogen. It can be of natural or artificial mechanisms
Correct Answer: active immunity
Number 257. acquired through the transfer of antibodies from an immune individual to a nonimmune one. The individual does not create the antibodies, but receives them, and is only immune while receiving the antibodies
Correct Answer: passive immunity
Number 258. occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen, and develops a primary immune response, which leads to immunological memory
Correct Answer: natural active immunity
Number 259. achieved through artificial means such as is the case with immunizations or vaccine injections. A person is injected with a weakened strain of the pathogen to prompt the body to produce antibodies and memory cells for immunity.
Correct Answer: artificial active immunity
Number 260. the transfer of antibodies from the maternal circulation to the fetus via the placenta, protecting the fetus from infection and protecting the newborn for the first few months of its life
Correct Answer: natural passive immunity
Number 261. usually involves injections of immunoglobulins (or antibodies) taken from animals previously exposed to a specific pathogen
Correct Answer: artificial passive immunity
Number 262. antibodies
Correct Answer: immunoglobulins
Number 263. innate immunity attacking the pathogen upon exposure: skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia, urine, defecation, and vomiting
Correct Answer: physical barriers
Number 264. innate immunity attacking the pathogen upon exposure: lysozyme, gastric juice, acidity on skin, sebum
Correct Answer: chemical barriers
Number 265. has thick layer of dead cells in the epidermis which provides a physical barrier
Correct Answer: skin
Number 266. produce mucus that trap microbes
Correct Answer: mucous membranes
Number 267. within the nose filters air containing microbes, dust, pollutants
Correct Answer: hair
Number 268. lining the upper respiratory tract traps and propels inhaled debris
Correct Answer: cilia
Number 269. flushes microbes out of the urethra
Correct Answer: urine
Number 270. tube extending from bladder to outside environment
Correct Answer: urethra
Number 271. expels microorganisms
Correct Answer: defecation
Number 272. expels microorganisms
Correct Answer: vomiting
Number 273. enzyme produced in tears, perspiration, and saliva that can break down cell walls and thus acts as an antibiotic, which kills bacteria
Correct Answer: lysozyme
Number 274. in the stomach destroys bacteria and most toxins because it is highly acidic (pH 2-3)
Correct Answer: gastric juice
Number 275. inhibits bacterial growth
Correct Answer: acidity on skin
Number 276. provides a protective film on the skin and inhibits growth
Correct Answer: sebum
Number 277. classified as innate immunity, which destroys invaders in a generalized way without targeting specific individuals
Correct Answer: nonspecific resistance
Number 278. ingest and destroy all microbes that pass into body tissues
Correct Answer: phagocytic cells
Number 279. (MHC) proteins on cell surface that can bind to foreign antigens for display
Correct Answer: major histocompatibility complex
Number 280. raises body temperature and activates T cells to release interleukin-2
Correct Answer: interleukin-1
Number 281. also known as inflammatory response, a localized tissue response that occurs when your tissues are damaged and in response to other stimuli
Correct Answer: inflammation
Number 282. inhibits bacterial growth and increases the rate of tissue repair during an infection
Correct Answer: fever
Number 283. an immune response that is classified as adaptive immunity; relies on antigens, which are specific substances found in foreign microbes, and antibodies
Correct Answer: specific resistance
Number 284. refers to antigen-specific immune response
Correct Answer: adaptive immunity
Number 285. immunity arising from exposure to antigens
Correct Answer: acquired immunity
Number 286. causes the proliferation of certain cytotoxic T cells and B cells
Correct Answer: interleukin-2
Number 287. results in nonfunctional B cells and T cells
Correct Answer: immunodeficiency disease
Number 288. have markers on their surface that are recognized by the body’s immune system as “self”
Correct Answer: self cells
Number 289. foreign cells have antigens on their cell surface that are recognized by the immune system and activate an immune response
Correct Answer: non-self cells
Number 290. the immune cells attack the body’s own cells due to unknown reasons
Correct Answer: autoimmunity
Number 291. or insulin-dependent diabetes, where the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system’s T cells
Correct Answer: Diabetes Type I
Number 292. a condition where the body’s immune cells attack and destroy tissue that has been transplanted into an individual
Correct Answer: tissue rejection
Number 293. a hypersensitive response of the immune system to an antigen that usually causes little or no problem in most people
Correct Answer: allergy
Number 294. the antigen that causes an allergic reaction
Correct Answer: allergen
Number 295. produced as a response to allergens
Correct Answer: IgE antibodies
Number 296. a small, infectious agent that replicates only inside living cells
Correct Answer: virus
Number 297. protein substances which provide some protection by slowing viral replication
Correct Answer: interferons
Number 298. (HIV) the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
Correct Answer: human immunodeficiency virus
Number 299. (AIDS) virus replicates inside a T cell and destroys the T cell of the immune system
Correct Answer: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Number 300. an infection caused by pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available such as a weakened immune system
Correct Answer: opportunistic infections
Number 301. a respiratory infection caused by bacteria
Correct Answer: tuberculosis
Number 302. respiratory infections of the lungs
Correct Answer: pneumonia
Number 303. a cancer caused by a virus called Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus. It causes small blood vessels, called capillaries, to grow abnormally.
Correct Answer: Kaposi’s sarcoma
Number 304. (SCID) a rare genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells that result in both "arms" (B cells and T cells) of the adaptive immune system being functionally impaired due to a defect in one of several possible genes
Correct Answer: severe combined immunodeficiency
Number 305. (CV system) an organ system that functions in transportation of molecules and cells to maintain homeostasis in the body; three components are the heart, blood, and blood vessels
Correct Answer: cardiovascular system
Number 306. a thin-walled, large lumen vessel that carries blood toward the heart
Correct Answer: veins
Number 307. a vessel that transports blood away from the heart
Correct Answer: arteries
Number 308. a muscular organ about the size of your fist that lies within the pericardial cavity of the mediastinum that pumps blood through the body
Correct Answer: heart
Number 309. smaller arteries
Correct Answer: arterioles
Number 310. smallest diameter of vessels that connect arteries and veins
Correct Answer: capillaries
Number 311. series of myocardial contractions and relaxations that make up one heartbeat
Correct Answer: cardiac cycle
Number 312. a membrane that encloses the heart
Correct Answer: pericardium
Number 313. a lubricating fluid functioning to decrease friction during the heart’s beating movement
Correct Answer: serous fluid
Number 314. the valve found between the left atrium and left ventricle
Correct Answer: Mitral Valve
Number 315. those valves found between the atria and ventricles
Correct Answer: Atrioventricular (AV) Valves
Number 316. on the right side of the heart
Correct Answer: Tricuspid Valve
Number 317. those valves at the top of the heart
Correct Answer: Semilunar Valves
Number 318. on the right side of the heart
Correct Answer: Pulmonary Valve
Number 319. on the left side of the heart
Correct Answer: Aortic Valve
Number 320. period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation
Correct Answer: Systole Phase
Number 321. period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood
Correct Answer: Diastole Phase
Number 322. the top chambers of the heart
Correct Answer: atria
Number 323. The AV valves close after blood is emptied from the atria.
Correct Answer: Ventricular diastole phase
Number 324. The bottom chambers (ventricles) are filled with blood and contract simultaneously, and blood flows out to the lungs and body through open semilunar valves
Correct Answer: Ventricular systole phase
Number 325. close after blood is emptied from the ventricles
Correct Answer: semilunar valves
Number 326. Listening to the heart for sounds with a stethoscope
Correct Answer: auscultation
Number 327. an instrument used to listen to a heartbeat
Correct Answer: stethoscope
Number 328. an abnormal heart sound
Correct Answer: murmur
Number 329. the moving structures such as valves and muscle
Correct Answer: mechanical system
Number 330. the electrical part or the conduction system where cells depolarize
Correct Answer: electrical system
Number 331. the parts where blood travels, such as inside the chamber and within the coronary arteries
Correct Answer: plumbing system
Number 332. (SV) volume of blood pumped out of the heart with each beat (average volume is 70ml)
Correct Answer: stroke volume
Number 333. (CO) volume of blood pumped out in one minute
Correct Answer: cardiac output
Number 334. supply blood to the heart muscle
Correct Answer: coronary arteries
Number 335. supplies blood to right side of the heart
Correct Answer: Right Coronary Artery
Number 336. supplies blood to the left side of the heart
Correct Answer: Left Main Coronary Artery
Number 337. reduction in oxygen can lead to a heart attack
Correct Answer: myocardial infarction
Number 338. most common cause of heart disease; a buildup of plaque in the inner lining of an artery causing it to narrow or become blocked
Correct Answer: Atherosclerosis
Number 339. a double-sac that contains serous fluid
Correct Answer: inner layer of pericardium
Number 340. composed of connective tissue stabilizing the heart within the cavity
Correct Answer: outer layer of pericardium
Number 341. this system delivers electrical impulses of the heart producing muscular contractions
Correct Answer: conduction system
Number 342. process of reversing the charge across a cell membrane
Correct Answer: depolarize
Number 343. corresponds with atrial contraction and atrial depolarization
Correct Answer: P wave
Number 344. corresponds with ventricular contraction (systole) and ventricular depolarization
Correct Answer: QRS complex
Number 345. corresponds with end of ventricular contraction (systole) and beginning of ventricular relaxation
Correct Answer: T wave
Number 346. causes destruction of red blood cells
Correct Answer: hemotoxic
Number 347. uncontrolled bleeding
Correct Answer: hemorrhaging
Number 348. red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Correct Answer: formed elements
Number 349. the plasma
Correct Answer: extracellular matrix
Number 350. cellular fragments and make up a very small percentage (0.01%) of the blood, but are crucial in stopping bleeding at damaged sites
Correct Answer: platelets
Number 351. the process in which blood cells are formed and matured
Correct Answer: hematopoiesis
Number 352. the protein molecule in red blood cells that carries oxygen
Correct Answer: hemoglobin
Number 353. platelets
Correct Answer: thrombocytes
Number 354. blood protein produced in response to a specific antigen/part of immunity
Correct Answer: antibodies
Number 355. most abundant plasma protein, made in the liver, important factor in regulating the exchange of water between the plasma and the space between the cells
Correct Answer: albumin
Number 356. a classification of blood based on the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells; 35 different blood groups in humans
Correct Answer: blood type
Number 357. protein that evokes an immune response
Correct Answer: antigens
Number 358. The process of transferring the blood of a person into the veins of another.
Correct Answer: blood transfusion
Number 359. you have the “A” antigen on your RBC surface
Correct Answer: type A blood
Number 360. you have the “B” antigen on your RBC surface
Correct Answer: type B blood
Number 361. you have both “A” and "B" antigens on your RBC surface but no antibodies present
Correct Answer: type AB blood
Number 362. does not have any “A” or “B” antigens, but has both “A” and “B” antibodies
Correct Answer: type O blood
Number 363. the clumping of blood
Correct Answer: agglutination
Number 364. carries oxygenated blood to brain
Correct Answer: Common Carotid Artery
Number 365. carries deoxygenated blood from brain to heart
Correct Answer: Internal and External Jugular Vein
Number 366. carries deoxygenated blood from brain to heart
Correct Answer: Superior and Inferior Vena Cava &
Number 367. carries oxygenated blood to arms
Correct Answer: Brachial Artery
Number 368. carries deoxygenated blood from arm to heart
Correct Answer: Brachial Vein
Number 369. carries oxygenated blood to lower extremities
Correct Answer: Femoral Artery
Number 370. carries deoxygenated blood from lower extremities to heart
Correct Answer: Femoral Vein
Number 371. largest artery in the body carrying blood from heart
Correct Answer: Abdominal Aorta
Number 372. the largest artery in the body
Correct Answer: Aorta
Number 373. carries blood to the lungs, but is oxygen-poor blood
Correct Answer: Pulmonary artery
Number 374. Part of blood circulation that carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart.
Correct Answer: pulmonary circulation
Number 375. the process of plaque buildup in the lining of the heart’s arteries that leads to narrowing of that artery
Correct Answer: coronary heart disease
Number 376. high LDL levels “bad” cholesterol
Correct Answer: Elevated Cholesterol
Number 377. fats in the blood
Correct Answer: Elevated triglycerides
Number 378. “good cholesterol” carrying bad cholesterol to the liver for excretion
Correct Answer: Low HDL levels
Number 379. also called a myocardial infarction or MI, occurs when the heart muscle (or myocardium) itself does not receive enough oxygen-rich blood
Correct Answer: heart attack
Number 380. a heart attack
Correct Answer: myocardial infarction
Number 381. the heart muscle
Correct Answer: myocardium
Number 382. a blood clot
Correct Answer: thrombus
Number 383. contains the major organs that are responsible for breathing; also functions to remove the cellular waste product called carbon dioxide
Correct Answer: respiratory system
Number 384. (CO2) cellular waste product
Correct Answer: carbon dioxide
Number 385. the movement of air in and out of the lungs
Correct Answer: breathing
Number 386. the movement of air in during breathing
Correct Answer: inhalation
Number 387. the movement of air out during breathing
Correct Answer: exhalation
Number 388. sense of smell
Correct Answer: olfactory
Number 389. the muscles for breathing
Correct Answer: diaphragm
Number 390. includes the nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles; carries air between the lungs and the body’s exterior
Correct Answer: airway
Number 391. act as the functional units of the respiratory system by passing oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body; a left lung with 2 lobes and a right lung with 3 lobes; spongy organs of the respiratory system containing bronchi, alveolar sacs, and capillaries
Correct Answer: lungs
Number 392. intercostal muscles (muscle between ribs) and the diaphragm; push air into and out of the lungs during breathing
Correct Answer: muscles of respiration
Number 393. (oral cavity) external opening for air
Correct Answer: mouth
Number 394. (nasal cavity) warms, filters, humidifies air
Correct Answer: nose
Number 395. hollow areas of cranium that are lined with mucosa and help with resonance of sound production
Correct Answer: sinuses
Number 396. (throat) air passage (shared with food passage)
Correct Answer: pharynx
Number 397. (voice box) vocal cords vibrate to produce sound when air passes over them
Correct Answer: larynx
Number 398. (windpipe) open airway to lungs made of cartilage rings/mucus secreted by epithelial cells trap dust and pollutants while the cilia sweeps it up into the esophagus to be swallowed
Correct Answer: trachea
Number 399. (bronchus is singular) airway tubes from trachea to lung tissue that branch multiple times throughout the lungs
Correct Answer: bronchi
Number 400. cup-shaped structure in lung tissue containing many capillaries and is the site of gas exchange/contains surfactant
Correct Answer: alveoli
Number 401. a flap of elastic cartilage that closes over the larynx when swallowing to prevent food/liquids from entering trachea
Correct Answer: epiglottis
Number 402. an oily secretion lining alveoli to decrease surface tension and keep alveoli form collapsing
Correct Answer: surfactant
Number 403. breathing
Correct Answer: ventilation
Number 404. exchange of gases also known as breathing
Correct Answer: respiration
Number 405. (breathing in) is driven by the diaphragm contracting (moving inferiorly or downwards) and the rib cage expanding
Correct Answer: inspiration
Number 406. The neural control of breathing rate and rhythm occurs in the respiratory center of the brainstem.
Correct Answer: neural control
Number 407. part of the brain is where the respiratory center is located
Correct Answer: brainstem
Number 408. a cell that responds to a chemical signal and sends a biological response
Correct Answer: chemoreceptors
Number 409. states that the lower the pH, the less affinity of oxygen to Hgb
Correct Answer: The Bohr Effect
Number 410. depends on changes in pressures inside the chest cavity compared to the atmospheric pressure outside the body
Correct Answer: respiratory cycle
Number 411. amount of air that can be inhaled and exhaled during normal, quiet breathing. (Average adult amount is 500ml)
Correct Answer: tidal volume (TV)
Number 412. amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled beyond a TV (average for women is 2,000ml and men is 3,000ml)
Correct Answer: inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
Number 413. amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled beyond a TV (average for women is 700ml and men is 1,200ml)
Correct Answer: expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Number 414. amount of air remaining in lungs after ERV (about 1,200ml for women and men)
Correct Answer: residual volume (RV)
Number 415. Different volumes of air are moved in and out of the lungs with changes in your respiratory rate and depth.
Correct Answer: respiratory volumes
Number 416. combining two or more respiratory volumes together
Correct Answer: respiratory capacity
Number 417. total amount of air that can be expired after fully inhaling (4.8L)
Correct Answer: vital capacity (VC)
Number 418. (IC) maximum amount of air that can be inspired (3.6L)
Correct Answer: inspiratory capacity
Number 419. amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration (2.4L)
Correct Answer: functional residual capacity (FRC)
Number 420. maximum amount of air that can fill the lungs (6 liters)
Correct Answer: total lung capacity (TLC) &
Number 421. one of the Pulmonary (relating to the lungs) Function Tests (PFT) used to check the health of lungs and respiratory passages
Correct Answer: spirometry
Number 422. causes the linings of the respiratory airways to become swollen, and the muscles around them can constrict
Correct Answer: asthma
Number 423. an inflammation of the bronchial tubes
Correct Answer: bronchitis
Number 424. one type of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The inflamed bronchial tubes produce a lot of mucus, and it is a long-term condition.
Correct Answer: chronic bronchitis
Number 425. a lung disease where the alveoli are damaged resulting in a limited amount of oxygen reaching the blood
Correct Answer: emphysema
Number 426. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Correct Answer: COPD
Number 427. an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs
Correct Answer: tuberculosis
Number 428. bacterium causes TB, and it can spread through the air when a person with TB coughs, or sneezes
Correct Answer: mycobacterium tuberculosis
Number 429. an out-of-control, abnormal growth of cells divide rapidly, taking over the lung tissue, but not performing any lung tissue functions
Correct Answer: lung cancer
Number 430. a genetic disorder that is inherited and causes thick, sticky mucus to be produced in the lungs. This mucus clogs the lungs.
digestion
accomplished through the help of hormones, enzymes, the digestive tract, and various accessory organs; breaking down of foods by chemical and mechanical
Correct Answer: cystic fibrosis
Number 431. the physical grinding and tearing of food to break it into smaller pieces
Correct Answer: Mechanical Digestion
Number 432. Chewing
Correct Answer: mastication
Number 433. breaking down food molecules into simpler, smaller molecules by enzymes
Correct Answer: Chemical Digestion
Number 434. gastrointestinal (GI) tract or gut; involved with the absorption of nutrients
Correct Answer: alimentary canal
Number 435. assist in the process of digestion, but are not part of the digestive tract; secrete enzymes and hormones to help with the chemical breakdown and utilization of the nutrients
Correct Answer: Accessory organs
Number 436. Food travels from mouth to esophagus
Correct Answer: Pharynx
Number 437. Food moves to the stomach
Correct Answer: Esophagus
Number 438. Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) and enzymes to begin digestion of food.
Correct Answer: Stomach
Number 439. includes the Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum; Final chemical breakdown and main site for nutrient absorption.
Correct Answer: Small Intestine
Number 440. includes the Cecum, Colon, Rectum, and Anal Canal; Absorbs water content
Correct Answer: Large Intestine
Number 441. (HCl) and enzymes to begin digestion of food
Correct Answer: hydrochloric acid
Number 442. the term of chewed up food being swallowed
Correct Answer: Bolus
Number 443. the term for the partially digested food of the stomach passing to the small intestines
Correct Answer: Chyme
Number 444. the term for the wave-like contractions of the intestines that propels chyme in one direction
Correct Answer: Peristalsis
Number 445. the beginning of the large intestine
Correct Answer: cecum
Number 446. the largest section divided into 4 subsections (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid)
Correct Answer: colon
Number 447. stores feces
Correct Answer: rectum
Number 448. with the anus as a sphincter muscle releasing wastes from intestines
Correct Answer: anal canal
Number 449. the sugar in milk
Correct Answer: lactose
Number 450. a special enzyme for the digestion of milk
Correct Answer: lactase
Number 451. large molecules that are too large to be absorbed in the digestive tract and must be broken down: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
Correct Answer: macromolecules
Number 452. protein molecules in our body that speed up chemical reactions
Correct Answer: Enzymes
Number 453. the molecules that every cell is made of
Correct Answer: Proteins
Number 454. building blocks of proteins
Correct Answer: amino acids
Number 455. molecules our body uses for energy
Correct Answer: Carbohydrates
Number 456. fructose, galactose, and glucose
Correct Answer: simple sugars
Number 457. used in the body for energy; built from glycerol and fatty acid molecules
Correct Answer: Lipids
Number 458. chains of nucleotides bonded together
Correct Answer: Nucleic acids
Number 459. building block of nucleic acids made of a phosphate, sugar, and a nitrogenous base
Correct Answer: nucleotide
Number 460. food is broken down through a chemical reaction
Correct Answer: hydrolysis
Number 461. sugar molecules
Correct Answer: sucrose
Number 462. the presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
Correct Answer: Cholelithiasis
Number 463. hard, compact mass of minerals formed in the gallbladder
Correct Answer: gallstones
Number 464. surgical removal of the gallbladder
Correct Answer: cholecystectomy
Number 465. A nonsurgical procedure that breaks up the gallstones into smaller pieces using shock waves
Correct Answer: lithotripsy
Number 466. chronic, or long lasting, disease that causes inflammation and irritation in the digestive tract
Correct Answer: Crohn’s Disease
Number 467. a condition that occurs when small pouches, or sacs, form in the wall of the colon and push outward through weak spots in the wall
Correct Answer: Diverticulosis
Number 468. an inflamed pouch that forms in the wall of the colon
Correct Answer: diverticulitis
Number 469. GERD is a long-lasting form of stomach contents coming back up (reflux) into the esophagus causing “heartburn.”
Correct Answer: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Number 470. stomach ulcer; a sore on the lining of the stomach or duodenum
Correct Answer: peptic ulcer
Number 471. a disease in which the kidneys have stopped working
Correct Answer: Renal failure
Number 472. a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the urine
Correct Answer: kidney stone
Number 473. shock waves
Correct Answer: lithotripsy
Number 474. part of the body on the side between the ribs and hips
Correct Answer: flank area
Number 475. blood in the urine
Correct Answer: hematuria
Number 476. pain with urination
Correct Answer: dysuria
Number 477. small undissolved calculi or stones present in the urine
Correct Answer: urolithiasis
Number 478. (UTI) are infections involving the urinary system organs
Correct Answer: Urinary tract infections
Number 479. A UTI in the bladder
Correct Answer: cystitis
Number 480. A UTI in the kidneys
Correct Answer: pyelonephritis
Number 481. A UTI in the urethra
Correct Answer: urethritis
Number 482. bacteria found in the intestines also abbreviated as E.coli
Correct Answer: Escherichia coli
Number 483. infection in the bloodstream
Correct Answer: septicemia
Number 484. to urinate
Correct Answer: Micturition
Number 485. to empty or excrete
Correct Answer: Void
Number 486. a test that analyzes the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine
Correct Answer: urinalysis
Number 487. the GFR is a measurement of how much blood is filtered through the nephron per minute
Correct Answer: Glomerular Filtration Rate
Number 488. the movement of fluid from blood into the lumen of the tubules
Correct Answer: Filtration
Number 489. the fluid (water and blood plasma) that is filtered through the glomerulus
Correct Answer: filtrate
Number 490. process of moving water and solutes back into blood from the filtrate
Correct Answer: Reabsorption
Number 491. removal of selected substances from the blood into the filtrate
Correct Answer: Secretion
Number 492. specialized capillaries where filtration occurs to produce filtrate
Correct Answer: Glomerulus
Number 493. or Bowman's Capsule; structure that surrounds glomerulus
Correct Answer: Glomerular Capsule
Number 494. Where filtrate travels to remove or add particles/water
Correct Answer: Tubules
Number 495. reabsorption; sends water and ions back to blood
Correct Answer: Proximal Tubule
Number 496. secretion; removes waste, drugs, acids, toxins from blood
Correct Answer: Distal Tubule
Number 497. reabsorption; removes water and salt from filtrate and sends back into blood
Correct Answer: Loop of Henle
Number 498. last part of renal tubule where nephrons all join to collect filtrate and pass it to the ureters as urine
Correct Answer: Collecting Duct
Number 499. the organs that filter the blood
Correct Answer: kidneys &
Number 500. microscopic filtering units of the kidney
Correct Answer: nephrons
Number 501. a tube that drains urine from the kidneys to the bladder
Correct Answer: ureters
Number 502. stores urine
Correct Answer: bladder
Number 503. a tube that conveys urine to the outside of the body
Correct Answer: urethra
Number 504. functions to filter your blood to remove wastes
Correct Answer: urinary system
Number 505. minerals in the body that have an electric charge
Correct Answer: Electrolytes
Number 506. two bean-shaped organs that remove these toxins from your blood and produce urine to carry them from the body
Correct Answer: kidneys &
Number 507. type of waste that is filtered out of the blood and excreted in the urine
Correct Answer: Urea
Number 508. another type of waste that must be removed. These are mineral that have an electrical charge
Correct Answer: Electrolytes
Number 509. extremely important for cellular functions to take place
Correct Answer: acid-base balance
Number 510. Controlled partly by the kidneys by adjusting the amount of water and sodium lost into the urine
Correct Answer: Blood Volume
Number 511. development of blood cells
Correct Answer: hematopoiesis
Number 512. provides the framework which supports the body and maintains its shape; contains 206 bones by adulthood; divided into two parts: axial and appendicular
Correct Answer: skeleton
Number 513. plays a role in support, protection, movement, mineral storage, and hematopoiesis
Correct Answer: skeletal system
Number 514. can be short, flat, long, round, irregular, and sesamoid
Correct Answer: Bones
Number 515. Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide
Correct Answer: Long bones
Number 516. Cube-like shape, approximately equal in length, width, and thickness
Correct Answer: Short bones
Number 517. Thin and curved
Correct Answer: Flat bones
Number 518. Complex shape
Correct Answer: Irregular bones
Number 519. Small and round; embedded in tendons
Correct Answer: Sesamoid bones
Number 520. shaft
Correct Answer: Diaphysis
Number 521. ends of bone
Correct Answer: Epiphyses
Number 522. center of shaft, filled with bone marrow
Correct Answer: Medullary Cavity
Number 523. tissue where blood cells are made
Correct Answer: Bone Marrow
Number 524. outer surface of shaft made of this bone tissue
Correct Answer: Compact Bone
Number 525. ends of bones made of this type of bone tissue
Correct Answer: Spongy Bone
Number 526. tough, outside covering of bone containing blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves.
Correct Answer: Periosteum
Number 527. connective tissue lining marrow cavity
Correct Answer: Endosteum
Number 528. smooth tissue where bones meet and move/ a joint or articulation
Correct Answer: Articular Cartilage
Number 529. (Growth Plate) site where bone tissue grows to make bones longer
Correct Answer: Epiphyseal Line
Number 530. cancellous bone; outer area of bone; has Haversian canals and blood vessels and yellow marrow
Correct Answer: Compact bone
Number 531. cancellous bone; ends of bones and inner area; has lattice-type structure with red bone marrow
Correct Answer: spongy bone
Number 532. cancellous bone; ends of bones and inner area; has lattice-type structure with red bone marrow
Correct Answer: spongy bone
Number 533. composed of the skull (22 bones), hyoid bone (1 bone), vertebrae (32 bones), rib cage (24 bones), and sternum (1 bone)
Correct Answer: axial skeleton
Number 534. composed of the bones of the extremities and the pelvis (126 bones in all); Pectoral girdle: 4 bones (scapula and clavicle); Arms and forearms: 6 bones; (humerus and radius); Wrists and hands: 54 bones (carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges); Bony Pelvis: 2 bones Thighs and legs: 8 bones (femur, patella, tibia, and fibula); Ankles and feet: 52 bones (tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)
Correct Answer: appendicular skeleton
Number 535. neck bone (not articulating with any other bone)
Correct Answer: Hyoid
Number 536. 12 pairs; true ribs (1-7 attached to sternum by hyaline cartilage); false ribs (8-10 attached to hyaline cartilage of rib #7); floating ribs (11-12 have no anterior attachment
Correct Answer: ribs
Number 537. manubrium (top section of sternum; body (middle section of sternum); xiphoid process (inferior portion of sternum)
Correct Answer: sternum
Number 538. 4 bones (scapula and clavicle)
Correct Answer: Pectoral girdle
Number 539. 6 bones (humerus and radius)
Correct Answer: Arms and forearms
Number 540. 54 bones (carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges)
Correct Answer: Wrists and hands
Number 541. 2 bones
Correct Answer: Bony Pelvis
Number 542. 8 bones (femur, patella, tibia, and fibula)
Correct Answer: Thighs and legs
Number 543. 52 bones (tarsals, metatarsals, and phalanges)
Correct Answer: Ankles and feet
Number 544. collar bone
Correct Answer: clavicle
Number 545. shoulder blade
Correct Answer: scapula
Number 546. upper arm
Correct Answer: humerus
Number 547. lower arm
Correct Answer: radius and ulna
Number 548. wrist bones
Correct Answer: carpals
Number 549. hand bones
Correct Answer: metacarpals
Number 550. bones of fingers and toes
Correct Answer: phalanges
Number 551. Ilium, Ischium, Pubis
Correct Answer: pelvis
Number 552. upper leg, longest and strongest bone in body
Correct Answer: femur
Number 553. lower leg
Correct Answer: tibia and fibula
Number 554. kneecap
Correct Answer: patella
Number 555. ankle
Correct Answer: tarsal bones
Number 556. foot bones
Correct Answer: metatarsals
Number 557. heel bone
Correct Answer: calcaneus
Number 558. the upper arm bone
Correct Answer: Humerus
Number 559. one of the lower arm bones
Correct Answer: Ulna
Number 560. one of the lower arm bones (articulates with humerus to form elbow joint)
Correct Answer: Radius
Number 561. (blood clot) formation occurs of the fracture site
Correct Answer: Hematoma
Number 562. forms made of fibrocartilage
Correct Answer: soft callus
Number 563. parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal, nasal bone, zygomatic, mandible, maxilla, sphenoid, lacrimal, ethmoid
Correct Answer: skull bones
Number 564. resorption (osteoclasts digest old bone); reversal (mononuclear cells appear on the bone surface to degrade the bone matrix); and formation (osteoblasts lay down new bone)
Correct Answer: bone remodeling process
Number 565. (active form of Vitamin D) plays a role in mineralization making bones strong
Correct Answer: Calcitriol
Number 566. the area of growth in a long bone
Correct Answer: epiphyseal plate
Number 567. The process of bone remodeling where new bone is lay down.
Correct Answer: Ossification
Number 568. Cells that break down bone
Correct Answer: Osteoclasts
Number 569. Cells that build bone
Correct Answer: Osteoblasts
Number 570. Stimulates osteoblast activity
Correct Answer: Growth hormone
Number 571. Stimulates osteoclast activity
Correct Answer: PTH
Number 572. (or joint) is a point of contact made between bones
Correct Answer: articulation
Number 573. constructed to allow for different degrees and types of movement
Correct Answer: joint
Number 574. permits little or no mobility
Correct Answer: synarthrosis
Number 575. permits slight mobility
Correct Answer: amphiarthrosis
Number 576. (synovial joint) freely movable
Correct Answer: diarthrosis
Number 577. can move in many directions
Correct Answer: Synovial joints
Number 578. straightening of a joint that increases the angle between the bones
Correct Answer: extension
Number 579. bending of a joint that decreases the angle between the bones
Correct Answer: flexion
Number 580. circular movement around an axis
Correct Answer: rotation
Number 581. circular movement of a joint combining adduction, abduction, flexion, and extension
Correct Answer: circumduction
Number 582. movement that brings bone towards the center of the body
Correct Answer: adduction
Number 583. movement that takes bone away from the center of the body
Correct Answer: abduction
Number 584. flat surfaces sliding across each other
Correct Answer: gliding
Number 585. bone with ball-shaped head fits into concave socket of 2nd bone
Correct Answer: Ball and Socket Joint
Number 586. move in one direction or plane. Allows for flexion and extension
Correct Answer: Hinge Joint
Number 587. those with an extension rotate on a 2nd, arch-shaped bone
Correct Answer: Pivot Joint
Number 588. The lower bone of the joint resembles a saddle
Correct Answer: Saddle Joint
Number 589. Allows same movement as ball-and-socket except circumduction
Correct Answer: Condyloid
Number 590. 2 flat surfaces on top of each other. Movement is gliding and rotating.
Correct Answer: Plane
Number 591. a break in the bone
Correct Answer: bone fracture
Number 592. the bone is bent or splintered rather than broken
Correct Answer: greenstick fracture
Number 593. (closed) fracture in the bone without breaking through the skin
Correct Answer: simple fracture
Number 594. (open) bone is broken into two or more pieces but does not penetrate skin
Correct Answer: compound fracture
Number 595. bone breaks into 2 pieces and is not in line
Correct Answer: displaced fracture
Number 596. bones are broken into many pieces
Correct Answer: comminuted fracture
Number 597. (blood clot) formation occurs of the fracture site
Correct Answer: Hematoma
Number 598. forms made of fibrocartilage
Correct Answer: soft callus
Number 599. inflammation of joints
Correct Answer: Arthritis
Number 600. hunchback
Correct Answer: Kyphosis
Number 601. swayback
Correct Answer: Lordosis
Number 602. lateral curvature
Correct Answer: Scoliosis
Number 603. softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency
Correct Answer: Rickets
Number 604. a medical condition in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue, typically as a result of hormonal changes, or deficiency of calcium or vitamin D
Correct Answer: Osteoporosis
Number 605. composed of muscular tissue that is classified into 3 types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
Correct Answer: muscles &
Number 606. found in the muscle attached to bones; the major function of skeletal muscle is for movement and support of the human body; only muscle type that is under conscious control, or voluntary control
Correct Answer: skeletal muscles
Number 607. shortens in length
Correct Answer: muscle contracts
Number 608. the tough bands of dense regular connective tissue attaching the muscles to bones
Correct Answer: tendons
Number 609. the stationary bone where the muscle is attached
Correct Answer: origin
Number 610. the other end where the tendon is pulling the bone
Correct Answer: insertion
Number 611. calf muscle
Correct Answer: gastrocnemius muscle
Number 612. heel bone
Correct Answer: calcaneus bone
Number 613. thigh bone
Correct Answer: femur
Number 614. the ability for the tissue to contract by shortening
Correct Answer: contractibility
Number 615. the ability for the muscle to respond to stimulation by nerves and hormones
Correct Answer: excitability
Number 616. the ability for muscles to stretch
Correct Answer: extensibility
Number 617. the ability for the muscles to recoil after being stretched
Correct Answer: elasticity
Number 618. a connective tissue covering the entire muscle
Correct Answer: Epimysium
Number 619. a connective tissue covering a group of muscle fibers
Correct Answer: Perimysium
Number 620. a connective tissue covering individual muscle fibers
Correct Answer: Endomysium
Number 621. another name for a group of muscle fibers
Correct Answer: Fascicle
Number 622. the cell membrane of a muscle fiber
Correct Answer: Sarcolemma
Number 623. a single muscle cell
Correct Answer: Fiber
Number 624. the contractile structures of the cells made up of repeating protein units called sarcomeres
Correct Answer: Myofibrils
Number 625. the filaments of myofibrils constructed from the proteins actin and myosin
Correct Answer: Myofilaments
Number 626. the functional contractile units of muscle fibers that are made up of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments
Correct Answer: Sarcomeres
Number 627. thick filaments
Correct Answer: myosin
Number 628. thin filaments
Correct Answer: actin
Number 629. the area between the actin filaments
Correct Answer: H Zone
Number 630. a neurotransmitter stimulating muscle contractions
Correct Answer: acetylcholine
Number 631. sends a signal (action potential) to the muscle fibers
Correct Answer: neuron
Number 632. an organelle in the muscle
Correct Answer: sarcoplasmic reticulum
Number 633. binds and stores calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum
Correct Answer: Calsequestrin
Number 634. formed when two filaments bind together as part of the muscle shortening process during contraction
Correct Answer: cross bridge
Number 635. movement of a body part away from the midline
Correct Answer: Abduction
Number 636. movement of a body part toward the midline
Correct Answer: Adduction
Number 637. a movement that increases the angle between two bones at a joint
Correct Answer: Extension
Number 638. bending a joint that decreases the angle between the bones
Correct Answer: Flexion
Number 639. movement turning a body part on its longitudinal axis
Correct Answer: Rotation
Number 640. extension of the ankle
Correct Answer: Plantarflexion
Number 641. flexion of the foot in an upward direction
Correct Answer: Dorsiflexion
Number 642. (or agonist) muscle responsible for a particular body movement
Correct Answer: Prime mover
Number 643. a muscle that opposes a prime mover/causes movement in the opposite direction
Correct Answer: Antagonist
Number 644. muscle that assists the prime mover
Correct Answer: Synergist
Number 645. (or Epicranius) Raises eyebrows
Correct Answer: Occipitofrontalis
Number 646. Closes jaw as in chewing
Correct Answer: Temporalis
Number 647. Closes the eyes
Correct Answer: Orbicularis oculi
Number 648. Closes lips and for puckering
Correct Answer: Orbicularis oris
Number 649. Closes jaw as in chewing
Correct Answer: Masseter
Number 650. Raises corners of mouth
Correct Answer: Zygomaticus
Number 651. Compresses cheeks inward
Correct Answer: Buccinator
Number 652. Pulls head side to side and down towards chest
Correct Answer: Sternocleidomastoid
Number 653. Rotates head
Correct Answer: Splenius capitis
Number 654. Rotates shoulder blades (scapula) and raises arm
Correct Answer: Trapezius
Number 655. pulls arms across chest
Correct Answer: Pectoralis major
Number 656. Pulls shoulder blades anteriorly and downwards
Correct Answer: Serratus anterior
Number 657. adducts and rotates arm medially
Correct Answer: Teres major
Number 658. Rotates scapula and raises arm
Correct Answer: Trapezius
Number 659. Extends and adducts arms
Correct Answer: Latissimus dorsi &nbs
Number 660. Extension of the back
Correct Answer: Erector spinae
Number 661. Extends or flexes upper arm
Correct Answer: Deltoid
Number 662. Flexes forearm at elbow
Correct Answer: Biceps brachii
Number 663. Extends forearm
Correct Answer: Triceps Brachii
Number 664. Extends the thigh
Correct Answer: Gluteus maximus
Number 665. Abducts and rotates thigh medially
Correct Answer: Gluteus medius
Number 666. Abducts and rotates thigh medially
Correct Answer: Gluteus minimus
Number 667. Flexes leg, extends thigh
Correct Answer: Biceps femoris
Number 668. Flexes leg, extends thigh
Correct Answer: Semitendinosus
Number 669. Flexes leg, extends thigh; lies deep to (or underneath) the semitendinosus
Correct Answer: Semimembranosus
Number 670. Extends leg at knee
Correct Answer: Rectus femoris
Number 671. Extends leg at the knee
Correct Answer: Vastus medialis
Number 672. Extends leg at knee
Correct Answer: Vastus lateralis
Number 673. Extends leg at the knee; lies deep to the rectus femoris
Correct Answer: Vastus intermedius
Number 674. Flexes leg and thigh, abducts thigh
Correct Answer: Sartorius
Number 675. Adducts, flexes, and rotates thigh
Correct Answer: Adductor longus
Number 676. Abducts, flexes, and rotates thigh medially
Correct Answer: Tensor Fasciae latae
Number 677. Plantar flexion of foot as in elevated onto ball of foot
Correct Answer: Gastrocnemius
Number 678. Plantar flexion of foot as in elevated onto ball of foot
Correct Answer: Soleus
Number 679. Dorsiflexion of foot as in pulling toes towards body
Correct Answer: Tibialis anterior
Number 680. Flexes trunk
Correct Answer: Rectus abdominis
Number 681. Rotate torso and bend sideways
Correct Answer: External Oblique
Number 682. Flexes and laterally bends the trunk; Located beneath the external oblique muscles.
Correct Answer: Internal Oblique
Number 683. Compresses the abdomen; Located deep to the internal oblique muscles.
Correct Answer: Transverse abdominis
Number 684. a process in which energy is released from glucose to perform cellular functions
Correct Answer: Cellular respiration
Number 685. muscles are working without oxygen
Correct Answer: anaerobic respiration
Number 686. muscles are working with oxygen
Correct Answer: aerobic respiration
Number 687. Energy currency for the cell
Correct Answer: ATP
Number 688. occurs when there is a higher need for oxygen than can be supplied
Correct Answer: Oxygen debt
Number 689. results when the demand for ATP is greater than the rate at which ATP can be produced in the muscle fibers
Correct Answer: Muscle fatigue
Number 690. sugar converted for energy by cells
Correct Answer: glucose
Number 691. produced in the absence of oxygen
Correct Answer: lactic acid
Number 692. composed of neurons, nerve impulses, the brain, spinal cord, and neuroglial cells
Correct Answer: nervous system
Number 693. nerve cells
Correct Answer: neurons
Number 694. signals
Correct Answer: nerve impulses
Number 695. provide support for the neurons
Correct Answer: neuroglial cells
Number 696. composed of the brain and spinal cord
Correct Answer: Central Nervous System (CNS)
Number 697. composed of the nerves that connect the body parts to the CNS and can be subdivided into the autonomic and somatic systems
Correct Answer: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Number 698. monitor and convey messages through electrical signals to the CNS
Correct Answer: Sensory functions
Number 699. translate the sensory into a conscious or subconscious action
Correct Answer: Integrative Functions
Number 700. require peripheral nerves to cause a response using structures outside the nervous system
Correct Answer: Motor functions
Number 701. subconscious; happens without you controlling it
Correct Answer: autonomic nervous system
Number 702. conscious; you can control it
Correct Answer: somatic nervous system
Number 703. part of the neuron that receives information
Correct Answer: dendrite
Number 704. (or soma)- part of the neuron that contains the cytoplasm and nucleus
Correct Answer: cell body
Number 705. part of the neuron that send the electrical signal to the next neuron
Correct Answer: axon
Number 706. the distal part of the axon releasing the neurotransmitter
Correct Answer: axon terminals
Number 707. insulation around the neuron for better electrical signal transmission
Correct Answer: myelin sheath
Number 708. gaps in the myelin sheath
Correct Answer: Nodes of Ranvier
Number 709. supporting cells that help repair the axon ("glial" is the term used for any supporting nerve cells-So, Schwann cells are glial cells)
Correct Answer: Schwann cells
Number 710. the junction, or gap, between any two communicating neurons
Correct Answer: synapse &
Number 711. small space between the two neurons
Correct Answer: synaptic cleft
Number 712. chemical messengers that transmit an electrical signal across the synapse
Correct Answer: neurotransmitters
Number 713. triggers a positive change
Correct Answer: Excitatory
Number 714. reverses the positive action
Correct Answer: Inhibitory
Number 715. acts as a communication bridge between the brain and the body's peripheral nervous system; tubular bundle of nervous tissue that exits the cranial vault through the foramen magnum (hole at the base of the skull)
Correct Answer: spinal cord
Number 716. a membrane that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord
Correct Answer: meninges
Number 717. largest region of the brain; consists of a left and right hemisphere connected by the corpus callosum
Correct Answer: Cerebrum
Number 718. processes sensory information
Correct Answer: Diencephalon
Number 719. regulates breathing and heartbeat
Correct Answer: Brainstem
Number 720. coordinates voluntary muscular movement/balance
Correct Answer: Cerebellum
Number 721. allows communication between the two sides of the brain
Correct Answer: corpus callosum
Number 722. outermost portion of the brain and contains gray matter (cell body portions of the neurons)
Correct Answer: cerebral cortex
Number 723. ridges on the surface of the cerebrum
Correct Answer: convolutions
Number 724. shallow grooves on the surface of the cerebrum
Correct Answer: sulcus
Number 725. deep grooves on the surface of the cerebrum
Correct Answer: fissures
Number 726. control of the left side of the body, and is the more artistic and creative side of the brain
Correct Answer: Right Hemisphere
Number 727. control of the right side of the body, and is the more academic and logical side of the brain
Correct Answer: Left Hemisphere
Number 728. functions in concentration, planning, problem solving, personality, inhibition of behavior
Correct Answer: Frontal
Number 729. functions in memory of visual and auditory patterns, information retrieval
Correct Answer: Temporal
Number 730. functions in using words and understanding speech, reading and writing, sense of touch, smell, taste and spatial awareness
Correct Answer: Parietal
Number 731. functions in combining visual images and visual recognition/sight
Correct Answer: Occipital
Number 732. hole at the base of the skull
Correct Answer: foramen magnum
Number 733. exit out between each vertebra and create the signal pathway to communicate with peripheral nerves
Correct Answer: spinal nerves
Number 734. neurotransmitter: Inhibitory controlling movement and posture central role in positive reinforcement and dependency Muscle rigidity as seen in Parkinson's disease schizophrenia has been shown to involve excessive amounts of dopamine in the frontal lobes
Correct Answer: Dopamine
Number 735. Inhibitory: motor control, vision, and many other cortical functions. It also regulates anxiety. Anxiety disorders and Epilepsy when levels are too low drugs that increase the level of GABA in the brain are used to treat epilepsy
Correct Answer: GABA
Number 736. (most common in the body) Excitatory: associated with learning and memory; thought to be associated with Alzheimer's linked to autism
Correct Answer: Glutamate
Number 737. Inhibitory: regulating body temperature, sleep, mood, appetite; Depression, suicide, impulsive behavior, and aggressiveness all appear to involve certain imbalances in serotonin.
Correct Answer: Serotonin
Number 738. Excitatory: increases our heart rate and our blood pressure; Pupil dilation low levels play a role in ADHD, depression, and low blood pressure
Correct Answer: Norepinephrine
Number 739. a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord
Correct Answer: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Number 740. the myelin sheath is destroyed (called demyelination) along with the supporting cells (glial cells) leaving the axon exposed
Correct Answer: Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Number 741. the myelin sheath is destroyed
Correct Answer: demyelination
Number 742. resulting from myelin sheath damage, a sudden-onset disease where the immune system destroys the myelin sheath of the PNS
Correct Answer: Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Number 743. a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and the spinal cord
Correct Answer: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Number 744. a degenerative disorder of the nervous system, which results in a wide variety of symptoms such as a shuffling gait, severe hand tremor, and slowness of movement and rigidity
Correct Answer: Parkinson's Disease (PD)
Number 745. a progressive neurological disease that affects the brain
Correct Answer: Alzheimer's Disease
Number 746. Build-up of these types of proteins in the brain are associated with Alzheimer's disease
Correct Answer: Beta-amyloid
Number 747. also called adrenal insufficiency; the adrenal glands produce too little cortisol and often insufficient levels of aldosterone as well
Correct Answer: Addison's disease
Number 748. a serious condition of an excess of the steroid hormone cortisol released from the adrenal glands
Correct Answer: Cushing's disease
Number 749. once known as juvenile diabetes or insulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin, a hormone needed to allow sugar (glucose) to enter cells to produce energy
Correct Answer: Type 1 diabetes
Number 750. once known as adult-onset or noninsulin-dependent diabetes, is a chronic condition that affects the way sugar (glucose) is metabolized by the body
Correct Answer: Type 2 diabetes
Number 751. a hormonal disorder that develops when the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone (GH) during adulthood
Correct Answer: Acromegaly
Number 752. a rare condition in which the pituitary gland has an over-production of the growth hormone during childhood
Correct Answer: Pituitary gigantism
Number 753. results with the pituitary gland does not produce sufficient growth hormone
Correct Answer: Pituitary dwarfism
Number 754. stands for a chemical called Bisphenol A that is used in the manufacturing of hard plastics and epoxy resins
Correct Answer: BPA
Number 755. the messengers of the endocrine system
Correct Answer: hormones
Number 756. made from amino acids
Correct Answer: Amines
Number 757. made from cholesterol
Correct Answer: steroids
Number 758. Promotes growth of body tissues
Correct Answer: Growth hormone (GH)
Number 759. Stimulates thyroid hormone release
Correct Answer: Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Number 760. adrenocorticotropic hormone; a hormone produced by the normal pituitary gland; increased production and release of cortisol by the adrenal gland
Correct Answer: ACTH
Number 761. Regulates sleep
Correct Answer: Melatonin
Number 762. Stimulate basal metabolic rate
Correct Answer: Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3)
Number 763. Stimulates fight-or-flight
Correct Answer: Epinephrine, norepinephrine
Number 764. Increase blood sugar through gluconeogenesis (synthesis of glucose from non-sugar precursors)
Correct Answer: Cortisol
Number 765. Increases blood glucose levels
Correct Answer: Glucagon
Number 766. Reduces blood glucose levels
Correct Answer: Insulin
Number 767. the "control center" glands of the endocrine system--these glands secrete several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands.
Correct Answer: hypothalamus-pituitary glands
Number 768. happens when you must respond to danger in the environment
Correct Answer: fight-or-flight response
Number 769. a hormone that has various functions in the central nervous system, the most important of which is regulating sleep patterns
Correct Answer: Melatonin
Number 770. Secretion of hormones to regulate body functions
Correct Answer: endocrine system
Number 771. HPV: a type of virus that can cause abnormal tissue growth (for example, warts) and other changes to cells
Correct Answer: human papillomavirus
Number 772. a disease of uncontrolled cell growth due to a gene mutation, and can affect the reproductive structures
Correct Answer: Cancer
Number 773. happens when cells that are not normal grow in one or both of your ovaries
Correct Answer: Ovarian cancer
Number 774. occurs when abnormal cells on the cervix grow out of control
Correct Answer: Cervical cancer
Number 775. develops in the breast tissue, primarily in the milk ducts or glands. It starts as a lump and can travel to other areas of the body.
Correct Answer: Breast cancer
Number 776. most common sign is swelling or a lump in a testicle that doesn’t cause pain
Correct Answer: Testicular cancer
Number 777. develops in the tissue of the prostate gland and can spread by breaking away from a prostate tumor
Correct Answer: Prostate cancer
Number 778. an STD caused by a bacterial infection
Correct Answer: Chlamydia
Number 779. (Simplex-Type 2) is an STD caused by a virus; ulcerated sores that have recurrent flare-ups
Correct Answer: Herpes
Number 780. an STD caused by a bacterium
Correct Answer: Gonorrhea
Number 781. caused by the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Correct Answer: Genital Warts
Number 782. an STD caused by a bacterium
Correct Answer: Syphilis
Number 783. AIDS; caused by the Human Immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) that attacks the immune system so that the individual becomes vulnerable to infections
Correct Answer: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Number 784. STD: diseases and infections which are capable of being spread from person to person through sexual intercourse
Correct Answer: sexually transmitted disease
Number 785. the time of pregnancy: 36-40 week
Correct Answer: gestation
Number 786. one-celled/ fertilized egg
Correct Answer: Zygote
Number 787. ball of cells after 3 days
Correct Answer: Morula
Number 788. implantation into uterus/6-10 days
Correct Answer: Blastocyst
Number 789. division stages - 9th week
Correct Answer: Embryo &n
Number 790. week 10 until birth
Correct Answer: Fetus
Number 791. birth to 1 month
Correct Answer: Neonate
Number 792. organ attached to wall of uterus and to umbilical cord
Correct Answer: placenta
Number 793. attached to embryo and placenta
Correct Answer: umbilical cord
Number 794. The birth process
Correct Answer: parturition
Number 795. regular and forceful uterine contractions stimulated by hormones occur
Correct Answer: labor
Number 796. influence the physical characteristics seen at puberty, and play a role in the menstrual cycle of the female
Correct Answer: sex hormones
Number 797. major male sex hormone; produced in the testes, released into the blood, and affects many parts of the body
Correct Answer: testosterone
Number 798. major female hormones; secreted by the ovaries resulting in changes of the body and the ability to carry offspring
Correct Answer: estrogen
Number 799. major female hormones
Correct Answer: progesterone
Number 800. termination of the reproductive cycle
Correct Answer: menopause
Number 801. monthly cycle that matures eggs and releases them for fertilization
Correct Answer: ovarian cycle
Number 802. the release of inner lining of the uterus through the vagina
Correct Answer: Menstruation
Number 803. Egg cell is released from ovary into the fallopian tube
Correct Answer: ovulation
Number 804. sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes and, if fertilizes an egg cell, can develop into a human
Correct Answer: sperm cells
Number 805. gonads of the male producing sperm cells and male sex hormone
Correct Answer: testes
Number 806. connection from the structures of the testis to the urethra/tube sperm cells travel as they exit the body
Correct Answer: vas deferens
Number 807. tube leading from the testes to the vas deferens/site of sperm maturation
Correct Answer: epididymis
Number 808. saclike structure that releases a fluid to support sperm cells traveling out of the body
Correct Answer: seminal vesicle
Number 809. structure that surrounds the proximal urethra and produces a milky fluid with an alkaline pH to support sperm cell transfer
Correct Answer: prostate gland
Number 810. secretes a mucus-like fluid in response to sexual stimulation
Correct Answer: bulbourethral gland
Number 811. a cylindrical organ that conveys urine and semen (fluid containing sperm cells and supporting fluid) through the urethra
Correct Answer: penis
Number 812. skin sac enclosing the testes
Correct Answer: scrotum
Number 813. called sperm cells (or spermatocytes) in the male reproductive system
Correct Answer: gametes
Number 814. (called gametes) are produced in reproductive structures called gonads
Correct Answer: Sex cells
Number 815. called egg cells or ovum in the female reproductive system
Correct Answer: gametes
Number 816. gonads of the female producing egg cells and releasing them/production of female sex hormones (estrogen/progesterone)
Correct Answer: ovaries
Number 817. or ovum, sex cell carrying 23 chromosomes and, if fertilized by a sperm cell, can develop into a human
Correct Answer: egg cells
Number 818. or uterine tube, near ovary and connected to uterus where a released egg travels, also site of fertilization of an egg
Correct Answer: fallopian tube
Number 819. muscular organ that holds and nurtures the developing embryo
Correct Answer: uterus
Number 820. neck of the uterus
Correct Answer: cervix
Number 821. or vaginal/birth canal, site of sexual intercourse and childbirth canal
Correct Answer: vagina
Number 822. protective outer coating in the ovum
Correct Answer: zona pellucida
Number 823. functions to produce sex hormones, sex cells, and perform the functions for reproduction of human life
Correct Answer: human reproductive system
Number 824. female sex cell and is about the size of an 11-font typed period; contains a protective outer coating called the zona pellucida
Correct Answer: ovum
Number 825. a large area of cytoplasm, and a nucleus containing 23 chromosomes
Correct Answer: zona pellucida
Number 826. male sex cell ; 30 times smaller than the female egg with a length of 0.002 of an inch. It is the only human cell containing a tail.
Correct Answer: sperm
Number 827. secretes an enzyme to break down the outer coating of the egg
Correct Answer: acrosome
Number 828. reproductive structures
Correct Answer: gonads