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Number 1. functions to defend and protect the body by 1. scavenge dead, dying body cells; 2. destroy abnormalities (cancerous); and 3. protect from pathogens and foreign molecules: parasites, bacteria, viruses.
Correct Answer: immune system
Number 2. the individuals in your body’s military that are defending and protecting, also called white blood cells; they are produced in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells
Correct Answer: leukocytes
Number 3. disease-causing organisms such as certain types of bacteria, protists, and viruses
Correct Answer: pathogens
Number 4. starts with a distinctive rash that progresses to pus-filled blisters and can result in disfiguration, blindness, and death
Correct Answer: smallpox
Number 5. viral skin infection caused by the cowpox virus
Correct Answer: cow pox
Number 6. any preparation used as a preventive inoculation to confer immunity against a specific disease, usually employing a killed or weakened bacteria or viruses, to stimulate antibody production
Correct Answer: vaccine
Number 7. a foreign substance that triggers a reaction from the immune system often found on the surfaces of bacteria and viruses
Correct Answer: antigen
Number 8. part of the immune system with its network of vessels, cells, and organs that carry and filter the excess fluids in tissues (or lymph) back to the bloodstream. This process filters pathogens from the blood.
Correct Answer: lymphatic system
Number 9. the excess fluid built up in tissues; the name of the interstitial fluid once it has entered the lymphatic system; the leaking of plasma from the blood into the interstitial spaces as it circulates
Correct Answer: lymph
Number 10. defends against pathogens and toxins to protect the human body
Correct Answer: immune/lymphatic system
Number 11. a type of blood cell involved with an immune response also called leukocytes
Correct Answer: white blood cells
Number 12. cells that capture and present antigens as part of the immune response
Correct Answer: dendritic cells
Number 13. lymph once it has entered the lymphatic system; plasma that becomes extra fluid ending up in the spaces between cells (tissue fluid)
Correct Answer: interstitial fluid
Number 14. white blood cells that ingest by “eating,” and kill invading organisms; also ingest dead cells and debris caused by tissue injury; develop from a myeloid stem cell
Correct Answer: phagocytes
Number 15. cells that help the body remember previous attacking organisms, and then recognize and destroy them quickly when they invade the body again; develop from a lymphoid stem cell
Correct Answer: lymphocytes
Number 16. type of stem cells that all blood cells, including white blood cells, originate
Correct Answer: hematopoietic stem cells
Number 17. small, bean-shaped organ located throughout the lymphatic system that filters lymph as it travels through the lymph vessels, and contains white blood cells to fight invaders
Correct Answer: lymph nodes
Number 18. structure behind the sternum that matures T cell lymphocytes after they travel from the bone marrow
Correct Answer: thymus gland
Number 19. site of blood cell formation
Correct Answer: bone marrow
Number 20. organ that contains macrophages and lymphocytes to digest bacteria and cellular debris
Correct Answer: spleen
Number 21. small masses of lymphoid tissue found at the back of the pharynx
Correct Answer: tonsils
Number 22. A condition occurring when the lymphatic system is not adequately returning interstitial fluid back to the bloodstream
Correct Answer: lymphedema
Number 23. the vessels where lymph is carried back into the blood
Correct Answer: subclavian veins
Number 24. the type of stem cell from which basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils originate
Correct Answer: myeloid
Number 25. type of lymphocyte maturing in the thymus gland; seek their target and send defense to destroy them
Correct Answer: T cells
Number 26. type of T cell that destroys invaders targeting virus-infected cells and tumor cells
Correct Answer: Killer T Cells
Number 27. type of lymphocyte that releases antibodies and assist in T cell activation; develop and mature in the bone marrow
Correct Answer: B Cells
Number 28. performs phagocytosis of any dead body cell and bacteria; digests large foreign particles in a wound
Correct Answer: monocyte
Number 29. first cells to reach an area where a breach in the body has been made as in a cut; yellow engulfing bacteria
Correct Answer: neutrophils
Number 30. term for an excessive number of white blood cells
Correct Answer: leukocytosis
Number 31. type of white blood cell that engulfs and digests by phagocytosis cellular debris, foreign substances, microbes, cancer cells, and anything else that does not have the types of proteins specific to healthy body cells on its surface
Correct Answer: macrophages
Number 32. white blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm that secrete chemicals
Correct Answer: granulocytes
Number 33. white blood cells without granules
Correct Answer: agranulocytes
Number 34. contain granules that can secrete chemicals such as histamine
Correct Answer: basophils
Number 35. a process in the body's immune system by which dendritic cells capture pathogenic antigens, and then present them to the immune system for activation
Correct Answer: antigen-presentation
Number 36. work by releasing toxins from their granules to kill pathogens. Attach to and help immobilize invaders.
Correct Answer: eosinophils
Number 37. have the ability to secrete anticoagulants (keep blood from clotting), and antibodies that have function against hypersensitivity reactions in the bloodstream. Help to bring more immune cells to infection site by releasing histamine, which dilates the vessels.
Correct Answer: basophils
Number 38. keeps blood from clotting
Correct Answer: anticoagulants
Number 39. important mediator of allergic reactions promoting blood flow
Correct Answer: histamine
Number 40. an anti-blood clotting chemical
Correct Answer: heparin
Number 41. allowing more blood flow to the area
Correct Answer: vasodilation
Number 42. are proteins produced by lymphocytes of the immune system that attach to foreign antigens in order to deactivate them and tag them for destruction
Correct Answer: antibodies
Number 43. they activate B cells and killer T cells
Correct Answer: Helper T Cells
Number 44. produce antibodies that so that they can seek out intruders and deactivate them for other cells to destroy
Correct Answer: plasma cells
Number 45. can "remember" specific intruders so that the next time an intruder tries to invade the body, it is wiped out before causing symptoms
Correct Answer: B memory cells
Number 46. high count of lymphocytes that occurs with a viral infection of the body
Correct Answer: lymphocytic leukocytosis
Number 47. insufficient numbers of white blood cells
Correct Answer: leukopenia
Number 48. cancer of the bone marrow with high count of immature WBCs
Correct Answer: leukemia
Number 49. excessive numbers of white blood cells
Correct Answer: leukocytosis
Number 50. insufficient number of lymphocytes that can be caused by HIV or influenza
Correct Answer: lymphocytopenia
Number 51. also known as the flu, is a contagious respiratory infection caused by different influenza viruses
Correct Answer: influenza
Number 52. Nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into play immediately or within hours of an antigen's appearance in the body. These mechanisms include physical barriers such as skin, chemical barriers, and immune system cells that attack foreign cells in the body.
Correct Answer: innate immune system
Number 53. Specific immune defense composed of lymphocytes producing antibodies and memory cells for eliminating pathogens or preventing their growth. This is also known as acquired and specific immune system.
Correct Answer: adaptive immune system
Number 54. Occurs when an antigen comes in contact to the immune system for the first time.
Correct Answer: primary response
Number 55. Occurs the second time (3rd, 4th, etc.) a person comes into contact to the same antigen; produces antibodies much faster because the memory cells, having been established during the primary response, are present and able to immediately start releasing those pathogen-specific antibodies for defense.
Correct Answer: secondary response
Number 56. carried out by T cells when the pathogen is inside the body cells
Correct Answer: cell-mediated immune response
Number 57. is controlled by activated B cells and antibodies; antibodies circulating in the blood as a mode of action for destroying pathogens
Correct Answer: humoral immune response
Number 58. outside cell
Correct Answer: extracellular
Number 59. inside cell
Correct Answer: intracellular
Number 60. acquired through an immune response (development of antibodies) when the body is exposed to the pathogen. It can be of natural or artificial mechanisms
Correct Answer: active immunity
Number 61. acquired through the transfer of antibodies from an immune individual to a nonimmune one. The individual does not create the antibodies, but receives them, and is only immune while receiving the antibodies
Correct Answer: passive immunity
Number 62. occurs when a person is exposed to a live pathogen, and develops a primary immune response, which leads to immunological memory
Correct Answer: natural active immunity
Number 63. achieved through artificial means such as is the case with immunizations or vaccine injections. A person is injected with a weakened strain of the pathogen to prompt the body to produce antibodies and memory cells for immunity.
Correct Answer: artificial active immunity
Number 64. the transfer of antibodies from the maternal circulation to the fetus via the placenta, protecting the fetus from infection and protecting the newborn for the first few months of its life
Correct Answer: natural passive immunity
Number 65. usually involves injections of immunoglobulins (or antibodies) taken from animals previously exposed to a specific pathogen
Correct Answer: artificial passive immunity
Number 66. antibodies
Correct Answer: immunoglobulins
Number 67. innate immunity attacking the pathogen upon exposure: skin, mucous membranes, hair, cilia, urine, defecation, and vomiting
Correct Answer: physical barriers
Number 68. innate immunity attacking the pathogen upon exposure: lysozyme, gastric juice, acidity on skin, sebum
Correct Answer: chemical barriers
Number 69. has thick layer of dead cells in the epidermis which provides a physical barrier
Correct Answer: skin
Number 70. produce mucus that trap microbes
Correct Answer: mucous membranes
Number 71. within the nose filters air containing microbes, dust, pollutants
Correct Answer: hair
Number 72. lining the upper respiratory tract traps and propels inhaled debris
Correct Answer: cilia
Number 73. flushes microbes out of the urethra
Correct Answer: urine
Number 74. tube extending from bladder to outside environment
Correct Answer: urethra
Number 75. expels microorganisms via intestines
Correct Answer: defecation
Number 76. expels microorganisms via removal of stomach contents through the mouth
Correct Answer: vomiting
Number 77. enzyme produced in tears, perspiration, and saliva that can break down cell walls and thus acts as an antibiotic, which kills bacteria
Correct Answer: lysozyme
Number 78. in the stomach destroys bacteria and most toxins because it is highly acidic (pH 2-3)
Correct Answer: gastric juice
Number 79. inhibits bacterial growth
Correct Answer: acidity on skin
Number 80. provides a protective film on the skin and inhibits growth
Correct Answer: sebum
Number 81. classified as innate immunity, which destroys invaders in a generalized way without targeting specific individuals
Correct Answer: nonspecific resistance
Number 82. ingest and destroy all microbes that pass into body tissues
Correct Answer: phagocytic cells
Number 83. (MHC) proteins on cell surface that can bind to foreign antigens for display
Correct Answer: major histocompatibility complex
Number 84. raises body temperature and activates T cells to release interleukin-2
Correct Answer: interleukin-1
Number 85. also known as inflammatory response, a localized tissue response that occurs when your tissues are damaged and in response to other stimuli
Correct Answer: inflammation
Number 86. inhibits bacterial growth and increases the rate of tissue repair during an infection
Correct Answer: fever
Number 87. an immune response that is classified as adaptive immunity; relies on antigens, which are specific substances found in foreign microbes, and antibodies
Correct Answer: specific resistance
Number 88. refers to antigen-specific immune response
Correct Answer: adaptive immunity
Number 89. immunity arising from exposure to antigens
Correct Answer: acquired immunity
Number 90. causes the proliferation of certain cytotoxic T cells and B cells
Correct Answer: interleukin-2
Number 91. results in nonfunctional B cells and T cells
Correct Answer: immunodeficiency disease
Number 92. have markers on their surface that are recognized by the body’s immune system as “self”
Correct Answer: self cells
Number 93. foreign cells have antigens on their cell surface that are recognized by the immune system and activate an immune response
Correct Answer: non-self cells
Number 94. the immune cells attack the body’s own cells due to unknown reasons
Correct Answer: autoimmunity
Number 95. or insulin-dependent diabetes, where the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas are destroyed by the immune system’s T cells
Correct Answer: Diabetes Type I
Number 96. a condition where the body’s immune cells attack and destroy tissue that has been transplanted into an individual
Correct Answer: tissue rejection
Number 97. a hypersensitive response of the immune system to an antigen that usually causes little or no problem in most people
Correct Answer: allergy
Number 98. the antigen that causes an allergic reaction
Correct Answer: allergen
Number 99. produced as a response to allergens
Correct Answer: IgE antibodies
Number 100. a small, infectious agent that replicates only inside living cells
Correct Answer: virus
Number 101. protein substances which provide some protection by slowing viral replication
Correct Answer: interferons
Number 102. (HIV) the virus that causes AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)
Correct Answer: human immunodeficiency virus
Number 103. The disease caused by HIV (AIDS) virus replicating inside a T cell and destroying the T cell of the immune system.
Correct Answer: acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Number 104. a respiratory infection caused by bacteria
Correct Answer: tuberculosis
Number 105. respiratory infections of the lungs
Correct Answer: pneumonia
Number 106. a cancer caused by a virus called Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus. It causes small blood vessels, called capillaries, to grow abnormally.
Correct Answer: Kaposi’s sarcoma
Number 107. (SCID) a rare genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells that result in both "arms" (B cells and T cells) of the adaptive immune system being functionally impaired due to a defect in one of several possible genes
Correct Answer: severe combined immunodeficiency
Number 108. infections caused by pathogens that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available such as a weakened immune system
Correct Answer: opportunistic infections